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Spinal Cord Injuries
⏱ 00:45
EMF PremiumSpinal Trauma · MRCEM Primary
Current Review / Skip Answered Correct Incorrect
A 41-year-old man is brought to your emergency department after diving into shallow water. He remains immobilised on a spinal board with a hard cervical collar. Examination reveals complete loss of motor and sensory function below the C5 level. His vital signs are:
– Blood pressure: 90/60 mmHg
– Heart rate: 52 beats/min
– Respiratory rate: 10 breaths/min
– Oxygen saturation: 94% on room air
He is increasingly short of breath and using accessory muscles to breathe.Which of the following is the most urgent next intervention?
  • Apply high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask
  • Perform rapid sequence induction and endotracheal intubation with in-line cervical spine immobilisation
  • Administer 1 mg intravenous atropine to treat bradycardia
  • Infuse a 500 ml crystalloid bolus to support blood pressure
  • Obtain an urgent CT scan of the cervical spine

Supporting Trainee With GMC Referral

FRCEM Management
08:00 8 minutes
Instructions

You are the ST4 in the ED and act as educational supervisor for Dr Sara Khan, an ST2 EM trainee. You have arranged a confidential meeting in the ED office at her request, after she opened a recorded-delivery letter from the GMC this morning informing her of an investigation under the Fitness to Practise (FtP) procedures.

The referral relates to a documentation entry Sara made nine months ago during a busy night shift on a 68-year-old man who re-attended 48 hours later with a missed posterior circulation stroke and significant residual harm. The Trust completed a PSIRF learning review (closed, system + individual factors identified). The family has now formally complained to the GMC.

Domain Weighting
Communication40%
Organisation30%
Clinical reasoning30%
EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Statistics

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

The number of patients you must treat to prevent one extra bad outcome.

Definition

The number of patients treated, over a defined period, for one of them to avoid one extra adverse event. NNT = 1 ÷ ARR (absolute risk reduction). Lower is better; NNT 1 means everyone benefits.

The picture

67 treated → 1 avoids the extra bad outcome

What it shows

67 treated patients. Only the highlighted figure avoids the extra outcome because of treatment; the other 66 gain nothing from it.

How to read it

Each figure is one patient treated for the trial's duration. The single highlighted one is the patient whose bad outcome is prevented. The bigger the crowd needed to colour in one figure, the weaker the treatment's real-world impact.

Why it matters

An impressive relative risk reduction can hide a tiny absolute benefit when events are rare. NNT re-anchors the effect to baseline risk — the fastest test of whether a “positive” trial should change ED practice.

Key
  • NNT = 1 ÷ ARR (always round UP)
  • Always state the timeframe and the baseline risk
  • NNH = the same maths, for harm
Pitfall
Pitfall An NNT with no timeframe or baseline risk attached is meaningless — and NNT rises sharply as baseline risk falls, so low-risk groups need many more treated.
emfinalexams.com · FRCEM / MRCEM revision
EM trial in the wild

CRASH-2 (Lancet 2010) — 20,211 trauma patients with, or at risk of, significant haemorrhage, TXA vs placebo. 28-day all-cause mortality 16.0% → 14.5% (RR 0.91) → NNT ≈ 67. Time-critical: TXA helps if given ≤3 h; given >3 h the subgroup had more bleeding deaths — the NNT only holds for early treatment.

Examiner traps
  • Quoting an NNT with no timeframe/baseline risk.
  • Confusing NNT (needs ARR) with relative risk reduction — classic SBA distractor.
  • Forgetting NNT rises as baseline risk falls.
Quick check

A trial reports a 30% relative risk reduction. Can you calculate the NNT?
Answer: No — RRR alone isn’t enough; you need the absolute risk reduction (the control event rate), because NNT = 1 ÷ ARR.

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FAQ

Straight answers.

The exam
What makes the FRCEM and MRCEM finals so hard to pass?+

Breadth and pressure. The SBA papers can draw from the entire RCEM curriculum, every distractor is plausible, and you're answering 180 questions against the clock. Knowing the medicine isn't enough — you have to recognise it instantly and pick the single best answer under time. That's a different skill from clinical practice, and it's the one most candidates run out of time to build.

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Because the exam doesn't test what you've read, it tests what you can apply in under a minute. A pass comes from reps: seeing hundreds of variations of the same decision until the right answer is reflex. EMF turns passive reading into active recall at the scale the exam actually demands.

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How does EMF take me from where I am now to a pass?+

One clear arc. Cover the whole syllabus across all 12 SLOs, drill the topics you're weakest on, then sit full timed mocks until exam conditions feel routine. Every question explains the reasoning as you go — so each session leaves you sharper, not just scored.

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Which exams does EMF cover?+

EMF covers both RCEM written papers — the MRCEM SBA and the FRCEM Final SBA. They sit at different stages of training: the MRCEM SBA tests core emergency medicine earlier on, while the FRCEM Final SBA is the broader, more advanced paper on the road to CCT. The bank spans the full range — from core MRCEM-level material to advanced FRCEM Final content — all built to the 2025 RCEM curriculum and tagged across the 12 Specialty Learning Outcomes.

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