Top 15 Paediatric Emergencies for MRCEM

Topic priority at a glance

Paediatric emergencies are a core part of MRCEM and FRCEM because they test whether you can recognise serious illness early, use age-appropriate assessment, start treatment before investigations delay you, and make safe disposition decisions. In children, compensation can mask severity, observations vary by age, and deterioration may be sudden. The exam repeatedly targets the same dangerous presentations hidden within common complaints: fever, wheeze, seizure, collapse, abdominal pain, trauma, and altered behaviour.

This guide is written for UK Emergency Medicine practice and exam performance. It focuses on the 15 paediatric emergencies most likely to appear in SBA and OSCE settings: sepsis, meningitis and meningococcal disease, anaphylaxis, status epilepticus, acute asthma, bronchiolitis, foreign body aspiration and ingestion hazards, drowning, head injury, myocarditis, diabetic ketoacidosis, intussusception, epiglottitis, paediatric stroke, and traumatic haemorrhagic shock.

Why These Paediatric Emergencies Matter for MRCEM

Paediatric emergencies matter because delayed recognition causes harm. A child with compensated shock may still have a normal blood pressure. A febrile infant may have invasive bacterial infection without obvious localising signs. A wheezy child may actually have a foreign body. A tachycardic child with vomiting may have myocarditis rather than dehydration.

For exams, common reasons candidates lose marks are:

• using adult thresholds or adult algorithms
• waiting for hypotension before treating shock
• forgetting weight-based dosing
• delaying treatment while arranging tests
• missing the dangerous diagnosis behind a common presentation
• failing to state escalation, referral, or disposition

The central exam skill is simple: decide whether the child is sick or not sick, treat immediate threats, reassess, and escalate early.

Key Definitions

Essential Pathophysiology

Children differ from adults in ways that matter in the ED and in exams.

• They maintain blood pressure until late in shock.
• They have higher metabolic demand and lower physiological reserve.
• Airways are smaller, so oedema and secretions cause proportionally greater obstruction.
• Respiratory failure often precedes cardiac arrest.
• Weight-based treatment is essential for drugs, fluids, and equipment.
• Young infants may present non-specifically with poor feeding, lethargy, temperature instability, or reduced interaction.

Across all 15 emergencies, the recurring pathophysiological themes are hypoxia, impaired perfusion, altered conscious level, and the risk of rapid decompensation.

Clinical Presentation

Paediatric emergencies often present through a small number of symptom groups:

• fever or temperature instability
• breathing difficulty, wheeze, stridor, or apnoea
• collapse, seizure, or reduced consciousness
• vomiting, abdominal pain, or poor feeding
• trauma
• rash
• limp, weakness, or altered behaviour

High-yield clues that should make you slow down and think again include:

• persistent tachycardia out of proportion to fever
• poor feeding or reduced urine output
• parental concern that the child is not behaving normally
• mottling, prolonged capillary refill, or cool peripheries
• unilateral chest signs in a “wheezy” child
• drooling or tripod positioning
• bilious vomiting
• intermittent severe pain with pallor or lethargy
• headache with focal neurology or reduced consciousness

Red Flags and High-Risk Features

These features should trigger urgent senior review and often escalation:

• abnormal appearance on PAT
• reduced conscious level, seizure, or failure to interact normally
• airway compromise, stridor at rest, drooling, or inability to swallow
• severe work of breathing, grunting, apnoea, exhaustion, or hypoxia
• poor perfusion, prolonged capillary refill, weak pulses, mottling, or hypotension
• non-blanching rash in an unwell child
• fever in an infant under 3 months
• suspected meningism, bulging fontanelle, or focal neurology
• severe dehydration or shock
• button battery ingestion or multiple magnet ingestion
• suspicion of myocarditis, DKA, stroke, or abusive injury

Age-specific observations matter. Use local paediatric observation charts, PEWS, or APLS-based norms rather than adult thresholds.

These are revision ranges, not a substitute for local charts.

Differential Diagnosis

Exams often test the dangerous alternative rather than the obvious diagnosis.

Initial ED Assessment

Use a consistent opening in exams and in practice: “I would assess and manage this child using PAT then ABCDE, call for senior help early, and treat immediate threats before investigations.”

First 60 seconds

• Look at appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to skin.
• Decide if the child looks sick.
• Call for help early if there is airway compromise, shock, ongoing seizure, severe respiratory distress, or reduced consciousness.

ABCDE essentials

• Airway: patency, stridor, drooling, snoring, gurgling, obstruction.
• Breathing: rate, effort, recession, grunting, wheeze, stridor, saturations, response to oxygen.
• Circulation: heart rate, capillary refill, pulse volume, skin temperature, BP if available, urine output, hydration.
• Disability: AVPU/GCS, pupils, glucose, seizure activity, tone, interaction.
• Exposure: temperature, rash, trauma, bruising, dehydration, safeguarding concerns.

Core principles

• Check glucose early in any unwell child.
• Use weight-based dosing. If weight is unknown, use a recognised paediatric aid.
• Reassess after every intervention.
• Do not wait for hypotension before treating shock.
• PEWS supports assessment but does not replace clinical judgement.

Investigations

Investigations should support management, not delay it. In many paediatric emergencies the first mark is for treatment, not for tests.

Common immediate investigations

• bedside glucose
• blood gas including lactate where relevant
• ECG if arrhythmia, myocarditis, electrolyte disturbance, DKA, or collapse
• bloods guided by presentation: FBC, U&E, CRP, cultures, clotting, group and save/crossmatch
• urinalysis and ketones
• CXR only if it will change management
• point-of-care ultrasound where appropriate and available

Investigations that should not delay treatment

• blood cultures before antibiotics if rapidly obtainable, but do not delay antibiotics
• lumbar puncture in suspected meningitis if unstable or contraindicated
• CT before treatment in meningococcal disease or sepsis
• routine bronchodilator trials in bronchiolitis

Management in the Emergency Department

The 15 emergencies below are the highest-yield paediatric topics for UK EM exams.

1. Sepsis and septic shock

Recognition clues

• fever or hypothermia
• tachycardia, tachypnoea
• poor feeding, reduced urine output
• altered behaviour, lethargy, reduced interaction
• mottling, prolonged capillary refill, cool peripheries
• parental concern that the child is not right

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE and senior help early
• oxygen if hypoxic or critically unwell
• IV or IO access
• bedside glucose and blood gas
• blood cultures if this does not delay treatment
• give broad-spectrum IV antibiotics early according to local policy
• if shocked, give isotonic crystalloid in 10 mL/kg aliquots with reassessment after each bolus
• watch for fluid overload and think of myocarditis if hepatomegaly, gallop rhythm, chest pain, pulmonary oedema, or disproportionate breathlessness
• early PICU discussion if persistent shock, repeated boluses, or vasoactive support likely

Investigations after stabilisation

• FBC, U&E, CRP, cultures
• urine, CXR, viral testing, or other source-directed tests as indicated

Disposition

• admit all suspected sepsis with abnormal perfusion, altered behaviour, or need for IV therapy
• PICU/HDU if persistent shock, respiratory failure, or repeated fluid boluses

Exam traps

• waiting for hypotension
• delaying antibiotics for full septic work-up
• assuming no fever means no sepsis

2. Meningitis and meningococcal disease

Recognition clues

• fever, headache, photophobia, vomiting
• neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle
• irritability, lethargy, poor feeding
• seizure, reduced consciousness
• non-blanching rash
• limb pain, cold hands and feet, abnormal skin colour before rash appears

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE
• treat shock, seizures, and airway compromise first
• give immediate IV antibiotics if bacterial meningitis or meningococcal disease is suspected; in children beyond the neonatal period this is usually a third-generation cephalosporin according to local guidance
• take blood cultures first only if rapidly obtainable
• do not delay treatment for LP or CT

LP should be deferred if there is:

• haemodynamic instability or shock
• significant respiratory compromise
• focal neurology
• signs of raised ICP
• ongoing seizures
• significantly reduced or fluctuating conscious level
• coagulation abnormality

Disposition

• admit all suspected cases
• critical care involvement if shock, reduced consciousness, or respiratory failure
• involve paediatrics and follow local public health/infection control processes

Exam traps

• waiting for neck stiffness in infants
• assuming absence of rash excludes meningococcal disease
• performing LP in an unstable child

3. Anaphylaxis

Recognition clues

• sudden illness after likely allergen exposure
• airway swelling, hoarse voice, stridor
• wheeze, increased work of breathing, hypoxia
• hypotension, collapse, poor perfusion
• urticaria, flushing, angioedema, though skin signs may be absent

Immediate ED management

• call for help and start ABCDE
• lie flat if tolerated; avoid sudden standing
• give IM adrenaline into the anterolateral thigh immediately
• high-flow oxygen if hypoxic or critically unwell
• IV access and fluid bolus if shocked
• nebulised salbutamol for bronchospasm
• consider nebulised adrenaline for upper airway oedema as an adjunct while definitive care is arranged
• give antihistamine and corticosteroid only as adjuncts; they do not replace adrenaline
• if refractory, repeat IM adrenaline and escalate to anaesthetics/PICU

Common UK IM adrenaline doses

Disposition

• observe after resolution because biphasic reactions can occur
• admit if severe reaction, repeated adrenaline, asthma, hypotension, airway involvement, or ongoing symptoms
• discharge only if fully recovered, observed appropriately, with adrenaline auto-injector if indicated, allergy referral, and clear safety-netting

Exam traps

• giving chlorphenamine first
• using IV adrenaline inappropriately
• missing anaphylaxis because there is no rash

4. Status epilepticus

Recognition clues

• seizure lasting 5 minutes or more
• recurrent seizures without recovery
• ongoing reduced consciousness after convulsion

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE, protect airway, give oxygen if needed
• check glucose immediately and correct hypoglycaemia
• first-line benzodiazepine if seizure persists beyond 5 minutes, using buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam according to access and local guidance
• if ongoing after first-line treatment, give second-line anticonvulsant such as levetiracetam, phenytoin, or phenobarbital according to local protocol
• if refractory, involve anaesthetics/PICU for RSI and intensive care management
• consider causes: fever, CNS infection, trauma, toxins, metabolic disturbance, known epilepsy

Investigations after stabilisation

• glucose, gas, electrolytes, calcium
• drug levels if relevant
• infection work-up or neuroimaging guided by presentation

Disposition

• admit first seizure, prolonged seizure, incomplete recovery, focal features, concern for CNS infection, or status epilepticus

Exam traps

• forgetting glucose
• calling a 3-minute seizure status epilepticus
• delaying second-line therapy in ongoing seizure

5. Acute asthma

Recognition clues

• wheeze, cough, breathlessness, chest tightness
• tachypnoea, recession, inability to complete sentences or feed
• silent chest, cyanosis, exhaustion, poor respiratory effort are life-threatening

Severity matters. Use BTS/SIGN severity assessment.

Immediate ED management

• oxygen to target saturations in hypoxaemia
• salbutamol via spacer in milder cases or nebuliser if severe
• add ipratropium bromide in severe/life-threatening attacks
• give oral prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone early
• consider IV magnesium sulfate in severe or poor response
• senior help early for life-threatening asthma or poor response
• consider IV bronchodilator therapy only with senior input

Disposition

• discharge only if clearly improved, no significant work of breathing, safe interval from bronchodilator need, and good follow-up
• admit if ongoing oxygen requirement, persistent distress, poor response, previous near-fatal asthma, or social concerns

Exam traps

• missing foreign body with unilateral signs
• under-treating severe asthma
• failing to state steroids and reassessment

6. Bronchiolitis

Recognition clues

• usually infant under 2 years, especially under 1 year
• coryza followed by cough, tachypnoea, recession
• crackles and/or wheeze
• poor feeding, apnoea, dehydration

Immediate ED management

• supportive care is the main treatment
• oxygen if saturations are persistently below accepted threshold or there is significant hypoxia
• assess hydration and feeding; consider NG or IV fluids if intake is poor
• minimal handling and nasal suction if helpful
• do not routinely use salbutamol, ipratropium, steroids, antibiotics, or chest physiotherapy

High-risk features for admission

• young age, especially under 3 months
• prematurity
• apnoea
• significant work of breathing
• poor feeding or dehydration
• persistent hypoxia
• underlying heart, lung, neuromuscular, or immunodeficiency problems

Disposition

• discharge only if feeding is adequate, work of breathing is mild, saturations acceptable, and carers can return if worse

Exam traps

• giving repeated bronchodilators routinely
• missing sepsis in a young infant with bronchiolitis-like symptoms
• ignoring feeding and hydration

7. Foreign body aspiration and ingestion hazards

Foreign body aspiration recognition clues

• sudden choking episode
• persistent cough, unilateral wheeze, unilateral reduced air entry
• stridor or respiratory distress

Immediate management of choking

• if effective cough, encourage coughing and monitor closely
• if ineffective cough and conscious, follow age-appropriate choking algorithm
• if unconscious, start CPR and inspect airway when opening it
• urgent ENT/paediatric surgical/anaesthetic involvement if airway compromise

Ingestion hazards that are time-critical

• button battery ingestion
• multiple magnet ingestion
• sharp objects
• caustic ingestion

Button battery key point

• oesophageal button battery is a true emergency because tissue injury can occur rapidly
• arrange urgent imaging and immediate specialist referral

Magnets key point

• more than one magnet, or magnet plus metal object, can trap bowel and cause necrosis or perforation

Exam traps

• treating unilateral wheeze as asthma
• reassuring yourself with a normal chest X-ray in aspiration
• underestimating button batteries and magnets

8. Drowning

Recognition clues

• submersion event with cough, hypoxia, respiratory distress, reduced consciousness, or cardiac arrest

Immediate ED management

• hypoxia is the priority: airway, oxygenation, ventilation
• start CPR if needed
• consider aspiration, pulmonary oedema, hypothermia, trauma, and hypoglycaemia
• cervical spine injury is uncommon and should be considered if there is a history of diving, high-impact mechanism, or trauma signs
• treat hypothermia appropriately

Investigations

• blood gas, glucose
• CXR only if clinically indicated

Disposition

• admit if any respiratory symptoms, hypoxia, abnormal examination, reduced consciousness, or concerning history
• observation may be appropriate after a mild event; discharge only if asymptomatic after a suitable observation period with normal examination and saturations

Exam traps

• focusing on water aspiration rather than oxygenation
• assuming every case needs cervical spine immobilisation

9. Head injury

Recognition clues

• mechanism, loss of consciousness, vomiting, seizure, amnesia, abnormal behaviour, headache
• scalp swelling in infants, signs of skull fracture, focal neurology

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE and cervical spine consideration if mechanism suggests risk
• treat seizures, hypoxia, and shock
• analgesia and antiemetics as needed
• use NICE paediatric head injury criteria for CT and observation

High-yield CT triggers include:

• GCS less than expected or deteriorating
• suspected open or depressed skull fracture
• signs of basal skull fracture
• post-traumatic seizure
• focal neurology
• dangerous mechanism or concerning combinations of vomiting, LOC, amnesia, or abnormal drowsiness according to age and NICE criteria

Disposition

• discharge only if low risk, normal or improving assessment, and reliable supervision with head injury advice
• observe or admit if symptoms persist, CT criteria are not met but concern remains, or safeguarding concerns exist

Exam traps

• using adult CT rules
• forgetting safeguarding in inconsistent injury history
• missing non-accidental injury in infants

10. Myocarditis

Why it matters

• myocarditis is a classic exam trap because it mimics sepsis, asthma, or dehydration

Recognition clues

• persistent tachycardia out of proportion to fever
• breathlessness, chest pain, fatigue
• poor feeding, vomiting, abdominal pain in younger children
• hepatomegaly, gallop rhythm, poor perfusion
• recent viral illness

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE and senior help early
• oxygen if needed
• ECG, blood gas, bloods including troponin if appropriate
• CXR may show cardiomegaly or pulmonary oedema
• be cautious with fluids; small aliquots only if needed and reassess carefully
• early paediatric cardiology/PICU discussion

Disposition

• admit all suspected cases
• critical care if shock, arrhythmia, or respiratory compromise

Exam traps

• giving repeated fluid boluses for presumed sepsis or dehydration
• missing myocarditis in a “viral” child with marked tachycardia

11. Diabetic ketoacidosis

Recognition clues

• polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
• vomiting, abdominal pain
• dehydration, tachypnoea or Kussmaul breathing
• drowsiness or confusion
• new diagnosis of diabetes may present in DKA

Diagnostic principles

• hyperglycaemia
• ketonaemia or significant ketonuria
• metabolic acidosis

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE
• confirm glucose, ketones, and blood gas
• careful fluid management according to paediatric DKA guidance
• do not give insulin bolus
• start fixed-rate IV insulin after initial fluid resuscitation as per local paediatric protocol
• monitor potassium closely and replace as guided
• watch for cerebral oedema: headache, bradycardia, reduced consciousness, vomiting, hypertension, or neurological deterioration
• early paediatric involvement is essential

Disposition

• all DKA requires admission
• HDU/PICU if severe acidosis, reduced consciousness, shock, very young child, or concern for cerebral oedema

Exam traps

• giving excessive fluid rapidly
• giving insulin bolus
• missing DKA in a child labelled gastroenteritis

12. Intussusception

Recognition clues

• intermittent severe colicky pain with drawing up of legs
• pallor or episodic lethargy
• vomiting
• currant jelly stool is late and not always present
• sausage-shaped abdominal mass may be felt

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE, analgesia, IV access, fluids if needed
• keep nil by mouth
• urgent paediatric surgical discussion
• ultrasound is the investigation of choice in stable patients
• air or contrast enema may be diagnostic and therapeutic in appropriate settings

Disposition

• admit all suspected cases

Exam traps

• waiting for currant jelly stool
• missing lethargy as a presenting feature
• calling it gastroenteritis without considering intermittent pain pattern

13. Epiglottitis

Recognition clues

• fever, toxic appearance
• severe sore throat, dysphagia, drooling
• muffled voice
• stridor, tripod position
• child prefers to sit forward and may look frightened

Immediate ED management

• do not upset the child
• keep with parent/carer in position of comfort
• do not attempt throat examination with a tongue depressor in the ED
• call anaesthetics and ENT urgently
• prepare for controlled airway management in theatre or another suitable environment
• give oxygen only if tolerated
• IV antibiotics once airway plan is in place and the child is stable enough

Disposition

• all cases need urgent specialist management and admission

Exam traps

• confusing with croup and agitating the child
• attempting to examine the throat

14. Paediatric stroke

Recognition clues

• sudden focal weakness
• facial droop, speech disturbance
• ataxia, visual symptoms
• seizure or altered consciousness may occur
• stroke mimics are common, but stroke must still be considered

Immediate ED management

• ABCDE and glucose
• urgent senior review
• urgent neuroimaging according to local stroke/neuroscience pathway
• involve paediatric neurology/stroke team early
• manage airway, seizures, and blood glucose abnormalities

Disposition

• all suspected paediatric stroke requires urgent specialist referral and admission

Exam traps

• assuming stroke is too rare in children to consider
• delaying imaging because of diagnostic uncertainty

15. Traumatic haemorrhagic shock

Recognition clues

• major trauma with tachycardia, poor perfusion, altered mental state, cool peripheries
• hypotension is late
• consider concealed bleeding: chest, abdomen, pelvis, long bones

Immediate ED management

• major trauma approach with catastrophic haemorrhage control then ABCDE
• early senior and trauma team activation
• control external bleeding
• IV/IO access
• use blood products early where haemorrhagic shock is suspected rather than repeated crystalloid boluses
• tranexamic acid according to paediatric major trauma protocols where indicated
• warm the child and prevent coagulopathy
• urgent transfer to definitive care if required

Disposition

• major trauma centre or paediatric trauma pathway involvement as appropriate

Exam traps

• waiting for hypotension
• giving large volumes of crystalloid instead of blood in haemorrhagic shock
• forgetting temperature control

Disposition, Referral and Follow-Up

Disposition is heavily tested. Many paediatric questions are really asking whether the child can go home safely.

Safety-netting should include:

• what deterioration looks like
• when to return immediately
• who to contact
• feeding, hydration, and medication advice where relevant

Special Groups

Young infants

• fever under 3 months is high risk
• presentation may be non-specific: poor feeding, lethargy, temperature instability, irritability
• low threshold for septic evaluation and admission

Children with complex needs

• prematurity, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, neuromuscular disease, immunosuppression, and metabolic disease increase risk
• bronchiolitis, sepsis, and aspiration may present atypically

Immunosuppressed children

• may have blunted inflammatory response
• treat fever or unexplained illness seriously and involve paediatrics early

Safeguarding

• consider non-accidental injury, neglect, poisoning, or fabricated illness where history is inconsistent, delayed, or developmentally implausible
• head injury, burns, ingestion, and recurrent attendance are common exam contexts

Pregnancy and elderly patients are not relevant to this paediatric topic except where adolescent pregnancy or safeguarding issues arise.

Common Pitfalls

• using adult normal ranges or adult management pathways
• waiting for hypotension before recognising shock
• forgetting bedside glucose
• delaying treatment for investigations
• giving repeated large fluid boluses without reassessment
• missing myocarditis in a tachycardic child
• treating unilateral wheeze as asthma without considering foreign body
• performing or pushing for LP in an unstable child
• over-treating bronchiolitis with bronchodilators or steroids
• forgetting disposition and safety-netting

FRCEM and MRCEM Exam Tips

• Open with PAT then ABCDE.
• State early senior help for airway compromise, shock, seizure, severe respiratory distress, or reduced consciousness.
• Use age-appropriate observations and weight-based treatment.
• Say “treat immediate threats before investigations”.
• In sepsis, the exam-safe answer is cautious isotonic crystalloid boluses with reassessment and early antibiotics.
• In meningitis, do not delay antibiotics for LP or CT.
• In anaphylaxis, IM adrenaline is first-line.
• In status epilepticus, the 5-minute threshold matters.
• In bronchiolitis, supportive care is the key and routine bronchodilators are not.
• In DKA, avoid insulin bolus and excessive fluid.
• Always finish with reassessment, escalation, and disposition.

How This Appears in SBA Questions

Typical stems

• a febrile infant with tachycardia and prolonged capillary refill asking for the next best step
• a child with non-blanching rash and cold peripheries asking for immediate management
• a seizure at 7 minutes asking for first-line treatment
• a wheezy child with unilateral reduced air entry asking for the most likely diagnosis
• an infant with bronchiolitis, poor feeding, and low saturations asking for disposition
• a child with drooling, stridor, and tripod position asking for the safest next step
• a vomiting child with abdominal pain and deep breathing asking for the diagnosis
• a child after head injury asking whether CT is indicated

Key discriminator clues

• persistent tachycardia out of proportion to fever suggests sepsis or myocarditis
• unilateral chest signs suggest foreign body
• fever under 3 months is high risk
• seizure beyond 5 minutes is status epilepticus
• drooling and toxic appearance suggest epiglottitis, not croup
• intermittent pain with lethargy suggests intussusception
• polyuria, weight loss, and abdominal pain suggest DKA

Common wrong answer traps

• observe and wait
• arrange tests before treatment
• perform LP immediately in suspected meningitis despite instability
• give antihistamine before adrenaline in anaphylaxis
• give repeated bronchodilators in bronchiolitis
• use large crystalloid volumes in haemorrhagic shock or DKA

Key Takeaways

• The main paediatric exam skill is recognising the sick child early.
• PAT is useful, but ABCDE drives management.
• Hypotension is a late sign of paediatric shock.
• Use age-specific observations and weight-based treatment.
• Check glucose early in any unwell child.
• Do not delay time-critical treatment for investigations.
• Sepsis needs early antibiotics and cautious fluid aliquots with reassessment.
• Meningitis treatment comes before LP or CT in the unstable child.
• Anaphylaxis is treated first with IM adrenaline.
• Status epilepticus starts at 5 minutes.
• Bronchiolitis is mainly supportive care.
• Button batteries, multiple magnets, epiglottitis, stroke, and traumatic haemorrhagic shock are true time-critical emergencies.
• Disposition and safety-netting are often the real exam question.

Further Reading

• NICE guideline: Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management
• NICE guideline: Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management
• NICE guideline: Bronchiolitis in children: diagnosis and management
• NICE guideline: Head injury: assessment and early management
• Resuscitation Council UK: Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis guidelines
• BTS/SIGN British guideline on the management of asthma
• RCEM learning resources and curriculum guidance for paediatric emergency presentations
• BSPED national guidance for the management of children and young people with diabetic ketoacidosis
• APLS principles as used in UK paediatric emergency care

Related on EM Final Exams

• Top 20 Most Examined Topics in FRCEM
• Top Trauma Topics You Must Know for FRCEM
• Most Common ECGs in FRCEM Exams
• Asthma in Adults BTS SIGN Exam Breakdown

Authoritative Sources

• NICE guidance
• British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED)

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