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The EMF blog

Free articles from the EMF team to help you revise smarter for the FRCEM & MRCEM finals.

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Critical Appraisal

Statistical Power

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Statistics Statistical Power The probability a study will detect a real effect — if one truly…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Hypothesis Testing & P-value

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Statistics Hypothesis Testing & the P-value The p-value is the probability of data this extreme IF…

emfinalexams4 min
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Critical Appraisal

Efficacy vs Effectiveness

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Outcomes Efficacy vs Effectiveness Does it work under IDEAL conditions (efficacy) versus does it work in…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Surrogate vs Patient-Important Outcomes

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Outcomes Surrogate vs Patient-Important Outcomes A surrogate is a substitute marker; a patient-important outcome is what…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Composite Outcomes

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Outcomes Composite Outcomes A single endpoint that bundles several events together — powerful, but easy to…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Hazard & Hazard Rate

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Survival analysis Hazard & Hazard Rate The instantaneous rate of an event among those still at…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Effect measures Number Needed to Harm (NNH) The number of patients you must treat for one…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Odds Ratio

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Effect measures Odds Ratio (OR) The odds of an outcome in one group divided by the…

emfinalexams4 min
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Critical Appraisal

Absolute Risk Reduction & Relative Risk Reduction

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Effect measures Absolute & Relative Risk Reduction (ARR & RRR) The two ways to express a…

emfinalexams3 min
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Critical Appraisal

Relative Risk

EM FINAL EXAMS Critical Appraisal · Effect measures Relative Risk (Risk Ratio) How many times the risk of an outcome differs between…

emfinalexams3 min

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